{"id":1581,"date":"2015-09-02T19:01:28","date_gmt":"2015-09-02T23:01:28","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.sustainabilitylabs.org\/ecosystem-restoration\/?page_id=1581"},"modified":"2015-10-07T17:03:42","modified_gmt":"2015-10-07T21:03:42","slug":"how-can-sustainable-agriculture-be-defined","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/sustainabilitylabs.org\/ecosystem-restoration\/learning-modules\/how-can-sustainable-agriculture-be-defined\/","title":{"rendered":"How can &#8220;Sustainable Agriculture&#8221; be defined?"},"content":{"rendered":"<style type=\"text\/css\"> \n#cmsms_row_6a384ee55ddc6 .cmsms_row_outer_parent { \n\tpadding-top: 0px; \n} \n\n#cmsms_row_6a384ee55ddc6 .cmsms_row_outer_parent { \n\tpadding-bottom: 30px; \n} \n\n<\/style><div id=\"cmsms_row_6a384ee55ddc6\" class=\"cmsms_row cmsms_color_scheme_default\">\n<div id=\"drymod1-1\" class=\"cmsms_row_outer_parent\">\n<div class=\"cmsms_row_outer\">\n<div class=\"cmsms_row_inner\">\n<div class=\"cmsms_row_margin\">\n<div class=\"cmsms_column one_first\">\n<style type=\"text\/css\"> \n#cmsms_divider_6a384ee55deb3 { \n\tpadding-top:20px; \n\tmargin-bottom:30px; \n} \n<\/style><div id=\"cmsms_divider_6a384ee55deb3\" class=\"cmsms_divider solid\"><\/div><div class=\"cmsms_text\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><em>&#8220;Sustainable Agriculture&#8221; combines the global concept of sustainability with the need to create healthy food sources for human populations. To answer this question well, let us consider the following sub-questions\u2026<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<style type=\"text\/css\"> \n#cmsms_divider_6a384ee55e024 { \n\tpadding-top:14px; \n\tmargin-bottom:20px; \n} \n<\/style><div id=\"cmsms_divider_6a384ee55e024\" class=\"cmsms_divider solid\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<style type=\"text\/css\"> \n#cmsms_row_6a384ee55e041 .cmsms_row_outer_parent { \n\tpadding-top: 0px; \n} \n\n#cmsms_row_6a384ee55e041 .cmsms_row_outer_parent { \n\tpadding-bottom: 20px; \n} \n\n<\/style><div id=\"cmsms_row_6a384ee55e041\" class=\"cmsms_row cmsms_color_scheme_default\">\n<div class=\"cmsms_row_outer_parent\">\n<div class=\"cmsms_row_outer\">\n<div class=\"cmsms_row_inner\">\n<div class=\"cmsms_row_margin\">\n<div class=\"cmsms_column one_first\">\n<div class=\"cmsms_text\">\n<p><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">Does \u201cSustainable Agriculture\u201d utilize\u00a0large amounts of fertilizers, water and pesticides to\u00a0maximize yields?<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<style type=\"text\/css\"> \n#cmsms_row_6a384ee55e11e .cmsms_row_outer_parent { \n\tpadding-top: 0px; \n} \n\n#cmsms_row_6a384ee55e11e .cmsms_row_outer_parent { \n\tpadding-bottom: 0px; \n} \n\n<\/style><div id=\"cmsms_row_6a384ee55e11e\" class=\"cmsms_row cmsms_color_scheme_default\">\n<div class=\"cmsms_row_outer_parent\">\n<div class=\"cmsms_row_outer\">\n<div class=\"cmsms_row_inner\">\n<div class=\"cmsms_row_margin\">\n<div class=\"cmsms_column one_first\">\n<div class=\"cmsms_text\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">No, it does not. Producing maximal yields using large amounts of fertilizers, water and pesticides in monoculture industry (see Fig. 1) is often considered to improve the overall environmental sustainability of agricultural production, and is the mainstream attitude taught in modern agricultural science.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<style type=\"text\/css\"> \n#cmsms_row_6a384ee55e17c .cmsms_row_outer_parent { \n\tpadding-top: 0px; \n} \n\n#cmsms_row_6a384ee55e17c .cmsms_row_outer_parent { \n\tpadding-bottom: 20px; \n} \n\n<\/style><div id=\"cmsms_row_6a384ee55e17c\" class=\"cmsms_row cmsms_color_scheme_default\">\n<div class=\"cmsms_row_outer_parent\">\n<div class=\"cmsms_row_outer\">\n<div class=\"cmsms_row_inner\">\n<div class=\"cmsms_row_margin\">\n<div class=\"cmsms_column one_half\">\n<div class=\"cmsms_text\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">However, this approach addresses only a limited range of problems to be considered, and places short-term profitability over long-term sustainability.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">Major sustainability concerns of intensive farming are soil degradation by monoculture, waste accumulation, high water, fertilizer and fuel use and costs, and complete loss of biodiversity due to widespread application of pesticides and deep soil tilling.\u00a0Further concerns are the deteriorating conditions of farm workers and animals to an extent prohibited by law in most countries, but nevertheless tolerated in agriculture.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"cmsms_column one_half\">\n<div class=\"aligncenter\">\n<div class=\"cmsms_img  cmsms_image_c\">\n<a href=\"https:\/\/sustainabilitylabs.org\/ecosystem-restoration\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/09\/image1.png\"><img src=\"https:\/\/sustainabilitylabs.org\/ecosystem-restoration\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/09\/image1.png\" alt=\"\" \/><\/a>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"cmsms_text fig-adjust\">\n<p><strong>Fig. 1: current industrial farm production is based on monocultures requiring exponentially increasing inputs of fertilizers and pesticides for production of feed and food. This unbalanced industrial production methods create huge amounts of unused waste and degraded soils.<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<style type=\"text\/css\"> \n#cmsms_row_6a384ee55e5c9 .cmsms_row_outer_parent { \n\tpadding-top: 0px; \n} \n\n#cmsms_row_6a384ee55e5c9 .cmsms_row_outer_parent { \n\tpadding-bottom: 20px; \n} \n\n<\/style><div id=\"cmsms_row_6a384ee55e5c9\" class=\"cmsms_row cmsms_color_scheme_default\">\n<div class=\"cmsms_row_outer_parent\">\n<div class=\"cmsms_row_outer\">\n<div class=\"cmsms_row_inner\">\n<div class=\"cmsms_row_margin\">\n<div class=\"cmsms_column one_half\">\n<div class=\"aligncenter\">\n<div class=\"cmsms_img  cmsms_image_c\">\n<a href=\"https:\/\/sustainabilitylabs.org\/ecosystem-restoration\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/09\/image2.png\"><img src=\"https:\/\/sustainabilitylabs.org\/ecosystem-restoration\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/09\/image2.png\" alt=\"\" \/><\/a>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"cmsms_text fig-adjust\">\n<p><strong>Fig. 2: in a semi-natural agroforestry-silvipasture system all resources are recovered and recycled while the combined yields of high quality fruit, fodder, woody biomass and animal products can outpace those achievable in intensive monoculture.<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"cmsms_column one_half\">\n<div class=\"cmsms_text\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">More often than not, low input mixed sustainable agriculture can provide high yields while safeguarding significant biodiversity, providing multiple ecosystem services and satisfactory work places. In such systems most of the resources consumed cycle naturally within the agro-ecosystem components as indicated in Fig. 2, and allow for coexistence with <a href=\"https:\/\/sustainabilitylabs.org\/ecosystem-restoration\/dryland-agriculture\/#sustainable-dry-ag\" target=\"_blank\">significant levels of biodiversity<\/a>. Maintenance of such an independent skilled and sustainable farming community is of highest benefit to maintaining balanced rural development, but in conflict with the goals of corporate development and industrial agriculture.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<style type=\"text\/css\"> \n#cmsms_row_6a384ee55e9a2 .cmsms_row_outer_parent { \n\tpadding-top: 0px; \n} \n\n#cmsms_row_6a384ee55e9a2 .cmsms_row_outer_parent { \n\tpadding-bottom: 20px; \n} \n\n<\/style><div id=\"cmsms_row_6a384ee55e9a2\" class=\"cmsms_row cmsms_color_scheme_default\">\n<div class=\"cmsms_row_outer_parent\">\n<div class=\"cmsms_row_outer\">\n<div class=\"cmsms_row_inner\">\n<div class=\"cmsms_row_margin\">\n<div class=\"cmsms_column one_first\">\n<div class=\"cmsms_text\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">Project Wadi Attir is integrating some intensification of traditional livestock management with large scale ecosystem restoration and soil rehabilitation, to provide an overall excellent sustainability balance, economic growth and high quality products, while creating large areas of valuable agro-ecosystems with significantly enhanced biodiversity.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<style type=\"text\/css\"> \n#cmsms_row_6a384ee55ea03 .cmsms_row_outer_parent { \n\tpadding-top: 20px; \n} \n\n#cmsms_row_6a384ee55ea03 .cmsms_row_outer_parent { \n\tpadding-bottom: 50px; \n} \n\n<\/style><div id=\"cmsms_row_6a384ee55ea03\" class=\"cmsms_row cmsms_color_scheme_default\">\n<div id=\"drymod1-2\" class=\"cmsms_row_outer_parent\">\n<div class=\"cmsms_row_outer\">\n<div class=\"cmsms_row_inner\">\n<div class=\"cmsms_row_margin\">\n<div class=\"cmsms_column one_first\">\n<style type=\"text\/css\"> \n#cmsms_divider_6a384ee55eacc { \n\tpadding-top:0px; \n\tmargin-bottom:0px; \n} \n<\/style><div id=\"cmsms_divider_6a384ee55eacc\" class=\"cmsms_divider solid\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<style type=\"text\/css\"> \n#cmsms_row_6a384ee55eae4 .cmsms_row_outer_parent { \n\tpadding-top: 0px; \n} \n\n#cmsms_row_6a384ee55eae4 .cmsms_row_outer_parent { \n\tpadding-bottom: 20px; \n} \n\n<\/style><div id=\"cmsms_row_6a384ee55eae4\" class=\"cmsms_row cmsms_color_scheme_default\">\n<div class=\"cmsms_row_outer_parent\">\n<div class=\"cmsms_row_outer\">\n<div class=\"cmsms_row_inner\">\n<div class=\"cmsms_row_margin\">\n<div class=\"cmsms_column one_first\">\n<div class=\"cmsms_text\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><strong>Can sustainable farming operations move to new areas as soon as used farmland is exhausted and degraded?<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<style type=\"text\/css\"> \n#cmsms_row_6a384ee55eb45 .cmsms_row_outer_parent { \n\tpadding-top: 0px; \n} \n\n#cmsms_row_6a384ee55eb45 .cmsms_row_outer_parent { \n\tpadding-bottom: 20px; \n} \n\n<\/style><div id=\"cmsms_row_6a384ee55eb45\" class=\"cmsms_row cmsms_color_scheme_default\">\n<div class=\"cmsms_row_outer_parent\">\n<div class=\"cmsms_row_outer\">\n<div class=\"cmsms_row_inner\">\n<div class=\"cmsms_row_margin\">\n<div class=\"cmsms_column one_half\">\n<div class=\"cmsms_text\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">This is also, not an option. Current farming technologies do serious damage to soils and local ecosystems due to use of heavy equipment, removal of local vegetation and destruction of biodiversity by application of massive amounts of pesticides. Poor irrigation practices result in more and more salinized soils. \u00a0As a result many dryland farming operations are moving to new areas as soon as formerly used farmland is exhausted and degraded, a practice encouraged even in Israel. This results in a vicious cycle of ongoing and spreading land use change and ecosystem degradation most prominently but not only expressed in the ongoing destruction of tropical rainforests, but also widely practiced in savanna and dryland ecosystems resulting in massive loss of biodiversity and greenhouse gas emissions. This LULUCF (Land Use, Land Use Change and Forestry) component constitutes a major percentage of global greenhouse gas emissions (Fig. 3) and is one of the major global environmental impacts of agriculture. Abandoned farmland is mostly degraded to an extent that will not allow for recovery within acceptable timeframes.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"cmsms_column one_half\">\n<style type=\"text\/css\"> \n#cmsms_divider_6a384ee55ec52 { \n\tpadding-top:10px; \n\tmargin-bottom:10px; \n} \n<\/style><div id=\"cmsms_divider_6a384ee55ec52\" class=\"cl\"><\/div><div class=\"aligncenter\">\n<div class=\"cmsms_img  cmsms_image_c\">\n<a href=\"https:\/\/sustainabilitylabs.org\/ecosystem-restoration\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/09\/image3.png\"><img src=\"https:\/\/sustainabilitylabs.org\/ecosystem-restoration\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/09\/image3.png\" alt=\"\" \/><\/a>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"cmsms_text fig-adjust\">\n<p><strong>Fig. 3: World Greenhouse Gas Emissions by Sector (Source: The Economist (EIA; World Resources Institute; 19 September 2006)<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<style type=\"text\/css\"> \n#cmsms_row_6a384ee55efb7 .cmsms_row_outer_parent { \n\tpadding-top: 0px; \n} \n\n#cmsms_row_6a384ee55efb7 .cmsms_row_outer_parent { \n\tpadding-bottom: 40px; \n} \n\n<\/style><div id=\"cmsms_row_6a384ee55efb7\" class=\"cmsms_row cmsms_color_scheme_default\">\n<div class=\"cmsms_row_outer_parent\">\n<div class=\"cmsms_row_outer\">\n<div class=\"cmsms_row_inner\">\n<div class=\"cmsms_row_margin\">\n<div class=\"cmsms_column one_first\">\n<div class=\"cmsms_text\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">The sustainable alternative to this problem is careful maintenance and restoration of farmland by safeguarding soil quality, avoiding soil erosion and degradation for continued enhancement of productivity, and by restoring and protecting local biodiversity even within intensively used farming areas. Project Wadi Attir is integrating aspects of ecosystem restoration, soil conservation and rehabilitation, restoration and <a href=\"https:\/\/sustainabilitylabs.org\/ecosystem-restoration\/biodiversity\/#plant-biodiversity\" target=\"_blank\">conservation of biodiversity hotspots<\/a> with establishment of an intensive livestock farming operation, integrating high value permaculture and <a href=\"https:\/\/sustainabilitylabs.org\/ecosystem-restoration\/water-soil-conservation\/#limans-erosion-control\" target=\"_blank\">agroforestry plantations for enhancing economic development<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<style type=\"text\/css\"> \n#cmsms_row_6a384ee55f033 .cmsms_row_outer_parent { \n\tpadding-top: 20px; \n} \n\n#cmsms_row_6a384ee55f033 .cmsms_row_outer_parent { \n\tpadding-bottom: 50px; \n} \n\n<\/style><div id=\"cmsms_row_6a384ee55f033\" class=\"cmsms_row cmsms_color_scheme_default\">\n<div id=\"drymod1-3\" class=\"cmsms_row_outer_parent\">\n<div class=\"cmsms_row_outer\">\n<div class=\"cmsms_row_inner\">\n<div class=\"cmsms_row_margin\">\n<div class=\"cmsms_column one_first\">\n<style type=\"text\/css\"> \n#cmsms_divider_6a384ee55f064 { \n\tpadding-top:0px; \n\tmargin-bottom:0px; \n} \n<\/style><div id=\"cmsms_divider_6a384ee55f064\" class=\"cmsms_divider solid\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<style type=\"text\/css\"> \n#cmsms_row_6a384ee55f07c .cmsms_row_outer_parent { \n\tpadding-top: 0px; \n} \n\n#cmsms_row_6a384ee55f07c .cmsms_row_outer_parent { \n\tpadding-bottom: 20px; \n} \n\n<\/style><div id=\"cmsms_row_6a384ee55f07c\" class=\"cmsms_row cmsms_color_scheme_default\">\n<div class=\"cmsms_row_outer_parent\">\n<div class=\"cmsms_row_outer\">\n<div class=\"cmsms_row_inner\">\n<div class=\"cmsms_row_margin\">\n<div class=\"cmsms_column one_first\">\n<div class=\"cmsms_text\">\n<p><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">Are conserving and safeguarding soil and soil fertility the central challenges in sustainable dryland agriculture?<\/span> <\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<style type=\"text\/css\"> \n#cmsms_row_6a384ee55f0d1 .cmsms_row_outer_parent { \n\tpadding-top: 0px; \n} \n\n#cmsms_row_6a384ee55f0d1 .cmsms_row_outer_parent { \n\tpadding-bottom: 20px; \n} \n\n<\/style><div id=\"cmsms_row_6a384ee55f0d1\" class=\"cmsms_row cmsms_color_scheme_default\">\n<div class=\"cmsms_row_outer_parent\">\n<div class=\"cmsms_row_outer\">\n<div class=\"cmsms_row_inner\">\n<div class=\"cmsms_row_margin\">\n<div class=\"cmsms_column one_first\">\n<div class=\"cmsms_text\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">They certainly are. Dryland soils are especially sensitive to soil degradation due to low and variable biomass cover easily destroyed by tilling or overgrazing. Such depleted and exposed soils are easily crusted or compacted and at risk of wind and water erosion, resulting in <a href=\"https:\/\/sustainabilitylabs.org\/ecosystem-restoration\/water-soil-conservation\/#erosion-drylands\" target=\"_blank\">creation of infertile wastelands<\/a>. Therefore, returning and recycling all nutrients and resources back into the soil, while restoring trees and annual vegetation for enhancing nutrient pools and soil organic matter are the major requirements for developing sustainable dryland agriculture. Such enhanced soil has higher productivity and water infiltration resulting in enhanced water use efficiency and continuous improvements of productivity and biodiversity, while sequestering carbon dioxide into soil and biomass to mitigate global warming.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<style type=\"text\/css\"> \n#cmsms_row_6a384ee55f131 .cmsms_row_outer_parent { \n\tpadding-top: 20px; \n} \n\n#cmsms_row_6a384ee55f131 .cmsms_row_outer_parent { \n\tpadding-bottom: 50px; \n} \n\n<\/style><div id=\"cmsms_row_6a384ee55f131\" class=\"cmsms_row cmsms_color_scheme_default\">\n<div id=\"drymod1-4\" class=\"cmsms_row_outer_parent\">\n<div class=\"cmsms_row_outer\">\n<div class=\"cmsms_row_inner\">\n<div class=\"cmsms_row_margin\">\n<div class=\"cmsms_column one_first\">\n<style type=\"text\/css\"> \n#cmsms_divider_6a384ee55f15b { \n\tpadding-top:0px; \n\tmargin-bottom:0px; \n} \n<\/style><div id=\"cmsms_divider_6a384ee55f15b\" class=\"cmsms_divider solid\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<style type=\"text\/css\"> \n#cmsms_row_6a384ee55f16d .cmsms_row_outer_parent { \n\tpadding-top: 0px; \n} \n\n#cmsms_row_6a384ee55f16d .cmsms_row_outer_parent { \n\tpadding-bottom: 20px; \n} \n\n<\/style><div id=\"cmsms_row_6a384ee55f16d\" class=\"cmsms_row cmsms_color_scheme_default\">\n<div class=\"cmsms_row_outer_parent\">\n<div class=\"cmsms_row_outer\">\n<div class=\"cmsms_row_inner\">\n<div class=\"cmsms_row_margin\">\n<div class=\"cmsms_column one_first\">\n<div class=\"cmsms_text\">\n<p><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">Does \u201cSustainable Dryland Agriculture\u201d mean we should\u00a0avoid soil erosion by all means?<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<style type=\"text\/css\"> \n#cmsms_row_6a384ee55f1bc .cmsms_row_outer_parent { \n\tpadding-top: 0px; \n} \n\n#cmsms_row_6a384ee55f1bc .cmsms_row_outer_parent { \n\tpadding-bottom: 20px; \n} \n\n<\/style><div id=\"cmsms_row_6a384ee55f1bc\" class=\"cmsms_row cmsms_color_scheme_default\">\n<div class=\"cmsms_row_outer_parent\">\n<div class=\"cmsms_row_outer\">\n<div class=\"cmsms_row_inner\">\n<div class=\"cmsms_row_margin\">\n<div class=\"cmsms_column one_half\">\n<div class=\"cmsms_text\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">Absolutely!\u00a0Soil erosion in drylands, both by wind and water, is the major driver of degradation and desertification. Any agricultural activity, such as tilling or grazing can interfere with naturally evolved soil protection mechanisms, and is enhanced by removal of perennial vegetation and trees that play an essential role in <a href=\"https:\/\/sustainabilitylabs.org\/ecosystem-restoration\/permaculture\/#drylandagroperma\" target=\"_blank\">maintaining dry ecosystem stability and resilience<\/a>, resulting\u00a0 in loss of the essential, nutrient rich fertile topsoil.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"cmsms_column one_half\">\n<div class=\"aligncenter\">\n<div class=\"cmsms_img  cmsms_image_c with_caption\">\n<a href=\"https:\/\/sustainabilitylabs.org\/ecosystem-restoration\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/11\/image311.png\"><img src=\"https:\/\/sustainabilitylabs.org\/ecosystem-restoration\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/11\/image311.png\" alt=\" Degraded Dryland Soils\" \/><\/a>\n<p class=\"cmsms_img_caption\">Degraded Dryland Soils<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<style type=\"text\/css\"> \n#cmsms_row_6a384ee55f75b .cmsms_row_outer_parent { \n\tpadding-top: 0px; \n} \n\n#cmsms_row_6a384ee55f75b .cmsms_row_outer_parent { \n\tpadding-bottom: 20px; \n} \n\n<\/style><div id=\"cmsms_row_6a384ee55f75b\" class=\"cmsms_row cmsms_color_scheme_default\">\n<div class=\"cmsms_row_outer_parent\">\n<div class=\"cmsms_row_outer\">\n<div class=\"cmsms_row_inner\">\n<div class=\"cmsms_row_margin\">\n<div class=\"cmsms_column one_first\">\n<div class=\"cmsms_text\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">Dryland inhabitants have developed a range of technologies permitting <a href=\"https:\/\/sustainabilitylabs.org\/ecosystem-restoration\/dryland-agriculture\/#no-till-agriculture\" target=\"_blank\">sustainable farming<\/a>, such as terrace agroforestry, windbreaks and controlling grazing intensities. More recently application of no-till agriculture\u00a0has been demonstrated to dramatically improve soil quality and productivity including soil organic matter content, while reducing the need both for fertilizer inputs and soil erosion.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<style type=\"text\/css\"> \n#cmsms_row_6a384ee55f7d9 .cmsms_row_outer_parent { \n\tpadding-top: 20px; \n} \n\n#cmsms_row_6a384ee55f7d9 .cmsms_row_outer_parent { \n\tpadding-bottom: 50px; \n} \n\n<\/style><div id=\"cmsms_row_6a384ee55f7d9\" class=\"cmsms_row cmsms_color_scheme_default\">\n<div id=\"quiz\" class=\"cmsms_row_outer_parent\">\n<div class=\"cmsms_row_outer\">\n<div class=\"cmsms_row_inner\">\n<div class=\"cmsms_row_margin\">\n<div class=\"cmsms_column one_first\">\n<style type=\"text\/css\"> \n#cmsms_divider_6a384ee55f80a { \n\tpadding-top:0px; \n\tmargin-bottom:0px; \n} \n<\/style><div id=\"cmsms_divider_6a384ee55f80a\" class=\"cmsms_divider solid\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<style type=\"text\/css\"> \n#cmsms_row_6a384ee55f81e .cmsms_row_outer_parent { \n\tpadding-top: 0px; \n} \n\n#cmsms_row_6a384ee55f81e .cmsms_row_outer_parent { \n\tpadding-bottom: 20px; \n} \n\n<\/style><div id=\"cmsms_row_6a384ee55f81e\" class=\"cmsms_row cmsms_color_scheme_default\">\n<div class=\"cmsms_row_outer_parent\">\n<div class=\"cmsms_row_outer\">\n<div class=\"cmsms_row_inner\">\n<div class=\"cmsms_row_margin\">\n<div class=\"cmsms_column one_first\">\n<div class=\"cmsms_text\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><strong>Try this quiz and test your knowledge of the question:<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"cmsms_row_6a384ee55f88a\" class=\"cmsms_row cmsms_color_scheme_default\">\n<div class=\"cmsms_row_outer_parent\">\n<div class=\"cmsms_row_outer\">\n<div class=\"cmsms_row_inner\">\n<div class=\"cmsms_row_margin\">\n<div class=\"cmsms_column one_first\">\n<div class=\"cmsms_text\">\n<div class=\"wpProQuiz_content\" id=\"wpProQuiz_6\">\n            <h2>How can \u201cSustainable Agriculture\u201d be defined?<\/h2>        <div style=\"display: none;\" class=\"wpProQuiz_time_limit\">\n            <div class=\"time\">Time limit: <span>0<\/span><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wpProQuiz_progress\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                <div class=\"wpProQuiz_checkPage\" style=\"display: none;\">\n            <h4 class=\"wpProQuiz_header\">Quiz-summary<\/h4>\n\n            <p>\n                \u0002<span>0<\/span>\u0004 of \u00021\u0004 questions completed            <\/p>\n\n            <p>Questions:<\/p>\n\n            <div style=\"margin-bottom: 20px;\" class=\"wpProQuiz_box\">\n                <ol>\n                                            <li>1<\/li>\n                                    <\/ol>\n                <div style=\"clear: both;\"><\/div>\n            <\/div>\n\n            \n            <input type=\"button\" name=\"endQuizSummary\" value=\"Finish quiz\"\n                   class=\"wpProQuiz_button\">\n        <\/div>\n                <div class=\"wpProQuiz_infopage\" style=\"display: none;\">\n            <h4>Information<\/h4>\n\n            \n            <input type=\"button\" name=\"endInfopage\" value=\"Finish quiz\"\n                   class=\"wpProQuiz_button\">\n        <\/div>\n                <div class=\"wpProQuiz_text\">\n            <p>\n                <p>Utilizing the information presented in this section, do you best to answer the following questions to test your knowledge of this topic question.<\/p>\n            <\/p>\n\n            \n            <div>\n                <input class=\"wpProQuiz_button\" type=\"button\" value=\"Start quiz\"\n                       name=\"startQuiz\">\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                <div style=\"display: none;\" class=\"wpProQuiz_lock\">\n            <p>\n                You have already completed the quiz before. Hence you can not start it again.            <\/p>\n        <\/div>\n                <div style=\"display: none;\" class=\"wpProQuiz_loadQuiz\">\n            <p>\n                Quiz is loading...            <\/p>\n        <\/div>\n                <div style=\"display: none;\" class=\"wpProQuiz_startOnlyRegisteredUser\">\n            <p>\n                You must sign in or sign up to start the quiz.            <\/p>\n        <\/div>\n                <div style=\"display: none;\" class=\"wpProQuiz_prerequisite\">\n            <p>\n                You have to finish following quiz, to start this quiz:                <span><\/span>\n            <\/p>\n        <\/div>\n                <div style=\"display: none;\" class=\"wpProQuiz_results\">\n            <h4 class=\"wpProQuiz_header\">Results<\/h4>\n                            <p>\n                    \u0002<span class=\"wpProQuiz_correct_answer\">0<\/span>\u0004 of \u0002<span>1<\/span>\u0004 questions answered correctly                <\/p>\n                            <p class=\"wpProQuiz_quiz_time\">\n                    Your time: <span><\/span>                <\/p>\n                        <p class=\"wpProQuiz_time_limit_expired\" style=\"display: none;\">\n                Time has elapsed            <\/p>\n                            <p class=\"wpProQuiz_points\">\n                    You have reached \u0002<span>0<\/span>\u0004 of \u0002<span>0<\/span>\u0004 points, (\u0002<span>0<\/span>\u0004)                <\/p>\n                                    <div class=\"wpProQuiz_catOverview\" style=\"display:none;\">\n                <h4>Categories<\/h4>\n\n                <div style=\"margin-top: 10px;\">\n                    <ol>\n                                                    <li data-category_id=\"0\">\n                                <span class=\"wpProQuiz_catName\">Not categorized<\/span>\n                                <span class=\"wpProQuiz_catPercent\">0%<\/span>\n                            <\/li>\n                                            <\/ol>\n                <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div>\n                <ul class=\"wpProQuiz_resultsList\">\n                                            <li style=\"display: none;\">\n                            <div>\n                                                            <\/div>\n                        <\/li>\n                                    <\/ul>\n            <\/div>\n                        <div style=\"margin: 10px 0px;\">\n                                    <input class=\"wpProQuiz_button\" type=\"button\" name=\"restartQuiz\"\n                           value=\"Restart quiz\">\n                                    <input class=\"wpProQuiz_button\" type=\"button\" name=\"reShowQuestion\"\n                           value=\"View questions\">\n                                            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                <div class=\"wpProQuiz_reviewDiv\" style=\"display: none;\">\n            <div class=\"wpProQuiz_reviewQuestion\">\n                <ol>\n                                            <li>1<\/li>\n                                    <\/ol>\n                <div style=\"display: none;\"><\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"wpProQuiz_reviewLegend\">\n                <ol>\n                    <li>\n                        <span class=\"wpProQuiz_reviewColor\" style=\"background-color: #6CA54C;\"><\/span>\n                        <span class=\"wpProQuiz_reviewText\">Answered<\/span>\n                    <\/li>\n                    <li>\n                        <span class=\"wpProQuiz_reviewColor\" style=\"background-color: #FFB800;\"><\/span>\n                        <span class=\"wpProQuiz_reviewText\">Review<\/span>\n                    <\/li>\n                <\/ol>\n                <div style=\"clear: both;\"><\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div>\n                                    <input type=\"button\" name=\"review\" value=\"Review question\"\n                           class=\"wpProQuiz_button2\" style=\"float: left; display: block;\">\n                                            <input type=\"button\" name=\"quizSummary\"\n                               value=\"Quiz-summary\" class=\"wpProQuiz_button2\"\n                               style=\"float: right;\">\n                                        <div style=\"clear: both;\"><\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                <div class=\"wpProQuiz_quizAnker\" style=\"display: none;\"><\/div>\n                <div style=\"display: none;\" class=\"wpProQuiz_quiz\">\n            <ol class=\"wpProQuiz_list\">\n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_listItem\" style=\"display: none;\">\n                        <div\n                            class=\"wpProQuiz_question_page\"  >\n                            Question \u0002<span>1<\/span>\u0004 of \u0002<span>1<\/span>\u0004                        <\/div>\n                        <h5 style=\"display: inline-block;\"\n                            class=\"wpProQuiz_header\">\n                            <span>1<\/span>. Question                        <\/h5>\n\n                        \n                                                <div class=\"wpProQuiz_question\" style=\"margin: 10px 0 0 0;\">\n                            <div class=\"wpProQuiz_question_text\">\n                                <p><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\">Does sustainable agriculture require maximizing productivity by all means? <\/span><\/p>\n                            <\/div>\n                                                        <ul class=\"wpProQuiz_questionList\" data-question_id=\"6\"\n                                data-type=\"multiple\">\n                                \n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_questionListItem\" data-pos=\"0\">\n\n                                                                                                                                <span style=\"display:none;\"><\/span>\n                                            <label>\n                                                <input class=\"wpProQuiz_questionInput\"\n                                                       type=\"checkbox\"\n                                                       name=\"question_6_6\"\n                                                       value=\"1\"> Yes, maximizing productivity allows reducing land use by providing more yields per area.                                            <\/label>\n\n                                                                            <\/li>\n                                    \n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_questionListItem\" data-pos=\"1\">\n\n                                                                                                                                <span style=\"display:none;\"><\/span>\n                                            <label>\n                                                <input class=\"wpProQuiz_questionInput\"\n                                                       type=\"checkbox\"\n                                                       name=\"question_6_6\"\n                                                       value=\"2\"> Yes, maximizing meat and milk production by industrial feedlot agriculture provides the highest sustainability benefits.                                            <\/label>\n\n                                                                            <\/li>\n                                    \n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_questionListItem\" data-pos=\"2\">\n\n                                                                                                                                <span style=\"display:none;\"><\/span>\n                                            <label>\n                                                <input class=\"wpProQuiz_questionInput\"\n                                                       type=\"checkbox\"\n                                                       name=\"question_6_6\"\n                                                       value=\"3\"> No, sustainable agriculture requires carefully weighing all inputs required in proportion to expected gains in productivity according to accepted methodologies of life cycle assessment.                                            <\/label>\n\n                                                                            <\/li>\n                                    \n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_questionListItem\" data-pos=\"3\">\n\n                                                                                                                                <span style=\"display:none;\"><\/span>\n                                            <label>\n                                                <input class=\"wpProQuiz_questionInput\"\n                                                       type=\"checkbox\"\n                                                       name=\"question_6_6\"\n                                                       value=\"4\"> No \u2013 sustainable agriculture must in first priority safeguard the lands long-term production potential by maintaining or enhancing soil fertility and local biodiversity.                                            <\/label>\n\n                                                                            <\/li>\n                                    \n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_questionListItem\" data-pos=\"4\">\n\n                                                                                                                                <span style=\"display:none;\"><\/span>\n                                            <label>\n                                                <input class=\"wpProQuiz_questionInput\"\n                                                       type=\"checkbox\"\n                                                       name=\"question_6_6\"\n                                                       value=\"5\"> Yes \u2013 but only within the strict framework of long-term sustainability considerations including physical, socioeconomic, ethical, health- and social considerations.                                            <\/label>\n\n                                                                            <\/li>\n                                                                <\/ul>\n                        <\/div>\n                                                    <div class=\"wpProQuiz_response\" style=\"display: none;\">\n                                <div style=\"display: none;\" class=\"wpProQuiz_correct\">\n                                                                            <span class=\"wpProQuiz_respone_span\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCorrect\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span><br>\n                                    <p><\/p>                                <\/div>\n                                <div style=\"display: none;\" class=\"wpProQuiz_incorrect\">\n                                                                            <span class=\"wpProQuiz_respone_span\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tIncorrect\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span><br>\n                                    <p><\/p>                                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                        \n                        \n                                                <input type=\"button\" name=\"back\" value=\"Back\"\n                               class=\"wpProQuiz_button wpProQuiz_QuestionButton\"\n                               style=\"float: left !important; margin-right: 10px !important; display: none;\">\n                                                <input type=\"button\" name=\"check\" value=\"Check\"\n                               class=\"wpProQuiz_button wpProQuiz_QuestionButton\"\n                               style=\"float: right !important; margin-right: 10px !important; display: 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<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":1281,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sustainabilitylabs.org\/ecosystem-restoration\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1581"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sustainabilitylabs.org\/ecosystem-restoration\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sustainabilitylabs.org\/ecosystem-restoration\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sustainabilitylabs.org\/ecosystem-restoration\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sustainabilitylabs.org\/ecosystem-restoration\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1581"}],"version-history":[{"count":10,"href":"https:\/\/sustainabilitylabs.org\/ecosystem-restoration\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1581\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2013,"href":"https:\/\/sustainabilitylabs.org\/ecosystem-restoration\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1581\/revisions\/2013"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sustainabilitylabs.org\/ecosystem-restoration\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1281"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sustainabilitylabs.org\/ecosystem-restoration\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1581"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}